One taxonomic characteristic of bipolaris species is the bipolar germination of conidia, but conidia of bipolaris oryzae, the causal pathogen of. Brown spot, caused by bipolaris oryzae, is an economically important disease in rice because it negatively impairs grain quality and reduces yield by up to 74% kohls et al. Infected seeds usually provide the primary inoculum. Many species of the genus bipolaris are important plant pathogens and often cause leaf spot, root rot, and seedling blight in an extremely wide range of hosts around the world. Pathogens free fulltext etiology and symptoms of maize. Different types of metal nanoparticles and nanoformulations have been. Bipolaris oryzae, rice brown spot, pathogenicity, agarosesynergel. Pdf behaviour of bipolaris oryzae at different temperatures. Phylogenetic analysis based on its sequences and conditions. Potatodextrose agar pda plates were inoculated with a small mycelial plug at the center, followed by incubation at 25 1 c in darkness. For the combined dataset all free modal parameters were obtained.
Population structure, genetic diversity, and sexual state. Pdf brown spot of paddy caused by bipolaris oryzae is a threat to paddy cultivation. Conidia are usually curved and tapering towards the end. Inheritance of photocontrol of conidial development in the. Most bipolaris species are associated with leaf spot or blight, root rot, ear rot, seedling blight, and other diseases of cultivated and wild gramineous plants 6,7. Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown spot disease in rice and produces the dark pigment melanin. Biocontrol and seed transmission of bipolaris oryzae and. The major diseases are blast pyricularia oryzae, bacterial blight, sheath rot sarocladium. These samples from 25 districts were used for isolation of desired pathogen from spotted leaf and seeds with infection of. Seed borne and transmission of bipolaris oryzae, the causal. In recent years, maize leaf spot caused by bipolaris species has frequently occurred with complex symptoms and is becoming increasingly serious in sichuan province of china. Hence a detailed systematic investigation was conducted to test in invitro antifungal activity against important seed borne pathogens bipolaris oryzae of paddy. Mycelium are germinate from two end of the conidia.
For example, ag on grapheme oxide reduced bacterial spot of tomatoes, and reduces the colonyforming units in culture plates of two pathogenic fungi, bipolaris sorokiniana and magnaporthe oryzae jo et al. In order to control this disease, three phenolic antioxidants were tested salicylic acid, benzoic acid and hydroquinone. Benzoic acid occurs naturally free and bound in many plant and animal species. Bipolaris oryzae, the causal agent of brown spot disease, is an economically important pathogen of rice. Trichoderma viride in bipolaris oryzae management journal of biopesticides 31 special issue 093 095 2010 93 the biological control of paddy disease brown spot bipolaris oryzae by using trichoderma viride in vitro condition s. In order to reveal the photomorphogenic response and to identify new genes upregulated by nuv irradiation, suppression subtractive hybridization ssh was carried out in b. There are three races of this pathogen race o, race t, and race c. Race t no longer considered a threat since the transition to normal cytoplasm corn 2. Bipolaris oryzae, oryza sativa, plant extract, antimicrobial activity, medicinal plants. Bipolaris oryzae, the causal agent of brown spot disease, is an economically important pathogen of rice found in several rice growing countries in the world. Bipolaris oryzae, a novel fungal opportunist causing. Cochliobolus miyabeanus, bipolaris oryzae, phylogeny, its, rpb2, ef1 introduction cochliobolus miyabeanus1 is the telemorph of a fungus that causes brown spot disease in rice. Ten 10 irrigated and upland rice varieties were used in this study.
Pathogen collected from infected rice leaves were thoroughly washed with tap water. Brown spot caused by bipolaris oryzae is an important rice disease which can cause a reduction in yield and grain quality in malaysia. Pdf morphomolecular diversity of bipolaris oryzae causing brown. Regional survey and identification of bipolaris spp. Foliar application of fungicides for the management of. It was considered for use by the usa as a biological weapon against japan during world war ii. Genetic diversity and population structure among isolates. Identification and expression analysis of regulatory genes. Bipolaris setariae gu073108 bipolaris portulacae ay004779 bipolaris zea af081452 bipolaris indica af081449 bipolaris sorghicola jq517488 bipolaris sorokiniana jn128888 bipolaris specifera jq585669 jq585694 bipolaris oryzae jq585685 jq965127 jq585692 bipolaris australiensis jq585665 jq965129 jq585695.
Insertional mutagenesis and characterization of a polyketide. Control of brown spot pathogen of rice bipolaris oryzae. Nomenclature of drechslera and bipolaris, grass parasites segregated from helminosporium. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of seeds microbiolization to reduce transmission. This fungus can infect both mature rice plant and seedlings of rice. A phylogenetic and taxonomic reevaluation of the bipolaris. A system for inducing sporulation of bipolaris oryzae. The name helminthosporium oryzae was changed to bipolaris oryzae because of the bipolar conidial germination shoemaker, 1959. Xiao jz, tsuda m, doke n, nishimura s 1991 phytotoxins produced by germinating spores of bipolaris oryzae. Bengal area, which resulted in two million people died because of the famine. Its conidiophore is brown in color and remain as straight or slightly curved.
Antifungal activity of biphenyls from streptomyces sp. When a photoinduced strain was crossed with another photoinduced strain, only photoinduced progeny were produced. A collection of 348 bipolaris isolates was made from cultivated rice paddies and weeds in mazandaran, guilan, golestan, khuzistan and fars provinces, during 2011 and 2012. The major diseases are blast pyricularia oryzae, bacterial blight, sheath rot. The antifungal activity of the tested substances were investigated against b. In this paper, we report 46 newly identified genes that were upregulated by nuv irradiation in b. Bipolaris oryzae causes brown spot in rice oryza sativa inflicting substantial grain yield losses worldwide. Brown spot of rice is caused by the pathogen named bipolaris oryzae imperfect stage or cochliobolusbolus miyabenus perfect. Ahn ip, kim s, kang s, suh sc, lee yh 2005 rice defense mechanisms against cochliobolus miyabeanus and magnaporthe grisea are distinct. Pelagia research library plant extracts are screened to detect secondary metabolites with biological activities, including antifungal activity. Fungal strains and growth conditions bipolaris oryzae strain d9f669 stock culture at the laboratory of plant pathology, shimane university was used as the wt strain. Brown spot disease is an important disease of rice in the world and iran.
In order to reveal the photomorphogenic response and to identify new genes upregulated by nuv irradiation, suppression subtractive hybridization ssh was carried out. Cochliobolus miyabeanus formerly known as helminthosporium oryzae is a fungus that causes brown spot disease in rice. The inheritance of light dependence for conidial development inbipolaris oryzae was analyzed using singleascospore isolates. Bipolaris is a genus of fungi belonging to the family pleosporaceae. Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of rice brown spot disease and is responsible for significant economic losses. Bipolaris oryzae oryza sativa, mr 219 malaysia madhya pradesh bomp1 2010 bipolaris oryzae oryza sativa, p 14 60 madhya pradesh bomp2 2010 bipolaris oryzae oryza sativa, pusa kranti madhya pradesh bomp3 2010 bipolaris oryzae oryza sativa, swarna west bengal bowb1 2008 bipolaris oryzae oryza sativa, kankaj west bengal bowb2 2008.
Pdf brown leaf spot of rice, caused by bipolaris oryzae, is one of the most destructive. Sporulation of isolates of bipolaris oryzae on rabbit food agar with 12 hr of near uv light followed by 12 hr of complete darkness isolate sporulation on rfaa lr2172 9. Pdf isolation, screening and identification of virulent. Bipolaris oryzae, fusarium semitectum, fusarium fujikuroi and curvularia lunata was analyzed. Inheritance of photocontrol of conidial development in. Cloning and expression analysis of two opsinlike genes in. Bipolaris oryzae used in this study were isolated from rice field soil and infected rice plants respectively. These species are commonly associated with leaf spots, leaf blights, melting outs, root rots, foot rots and other disease symptoms mainly in high value field crops in the family poaceae, including rice, maize, wheat and sorghum and on various other host plants ellis 1971, sivanesan. Pests and diseases cause annual yield loss upto 40 % in rice crop srinivasachary et al.
Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of brown leaf spot disease in rice, and its asexual spore conidium formation is known to be induced by nearultraviolet nuv irradiation. Melanin is a darkpigmented polymer that protects organisms against environmental stress, and its production is also widespread in the fungal kingdom. Expression of t4hr1, a 1,3,6,8tetrahydroxynaphthalene. In general, melanin accumulates in fungal cell walls and has been believed to confer tolerance to environmental stresses such as uv radiation. Rice is mainly affected by biotic and abiotic stress. Taxonomic position of bipolaris oryzae among other species. Seed borne and transmission of bipolaris oryzae, the. The application of chemical agents in controlling the brown spot disease can cause undesirable effects such as residual toxicity, environmental pollution, and development of pathogen resistance to fungicides. Control of brown spot pathogen of rice bipolaris oryzae using. International journal on advanced science, engineering and.
Antifungal potentiality of some medicinal plant extracts. Research article 294 assessment of seed infestation level of. This disease was the causal agent of the bengal famine in 1943 2. Use of resistant varieties is the sustainable and ecofriendly way of controlling brown spot disease in rice. An assessment of rice crop resistance to bipolaris oryzae, a causal agent of rice brown leaf spot or helminthosporium disease was carried out. Cochliobolus miyabeanus cochmioverview eppo global database. Knowledge of the population structure, genetic diversity and sexual recombination of the. New species and records of bipolaris and curvularia from thailand. Abstract bipolaris oryzae and gerlachia oryzae, which cause rice brown spot and leaf scald, respectively, are mainly disseminated by seeds. Plants contain hundreds or thousands of metabalites. Bipolaris oryzae can survive as mycelium in soil for many years without a host and is also seedborne.
Seed borne and transmission of bipolaris oryzae, the causal pathogen of brown spot of rice vu van ba1 and somsiri sangchote2 abstract rice brown spot bipolaris oryzae, in paddy fields was investigated to find the relationship between disease severity on flag leaf and kernel infection, at three growth stages of flowering, milky, and dough stages. Bipolaris oryzae strain d9f669 a stock culture at the laboratory of plant pathology, shimane university was used as the wildtype strain. A phylogenetic and taxonomic reevaluation of the bipolaris cochliobolus curvularia complex dimuthu s. Brown spot caused by bipolaris oryzae is one of the destructive diseases of rice in the world and causes severe losses in grain quality and quantity. Diversity of the rice brown spot pathogen, bipolaris oryzae, in. When a photoinduced strain was crossed with a nonphotoinduced i strain, photoinduced and nonphotoinduced i. This disease was the causal agent of the bengal famine of 1943 it was considered for use by the usa as a biological weapon against japan during world war ii. This disease has great economic importance because bengal famine was occurred in 1942 and 2 million people died in that area due to yield loss of 60 90%. Pdf pathogenic variability of bipolaris oryzae causing. Bipolaris maydis, also known as drechslera maydis or cochliobolus heterostrophus, causes southern corn leaf blight sclb and stalk rot 1. These samples from 25 districts were used for isolation of desired pathogen from spotted leaf and seeds with infection of brown spot disease. Bipolaris oryzae cpc 28826 oryza sativa sanpatong, chiang mai mf490809 mf490831 mf490853 cpc 28828 oryza sativa mae hia agricultural research, demonstrative and training center, chiang mai mf490810 mf490832 mf490854 bipolaris setariae cpc 28802 imperata cylindrica chiang mai university, chiang mai mf490811 mf490833. In vitro evaluation of fungicides against bipolaris.
Results of this study showed that compound 1 and 2 exhibited a very strong inhibitory activity against tested fungi with minimum inhibitory. The ops1 and ops2 genes encode predicted proteins of 306 and 304 amino acids, respectively. The infection was acquired after diesel oil splashed into the patients right eye while he was working in a paddy field. The fungus was described as drechslera oryzae based on the amphigenous conidial germination subaramanian and jain, 1966. Photosynthesis and sugar concentration are impaired by the. Helminthosporium oryzae destroyed 50 to 90% of the rice crops in the 1 pest in the ippc contexts refers to any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products. We isolated and characterized t4hr1 gene encoding 1,3,6,8tetrahydroxynaphthalene 1,3,6,8thn reductase, which converted 1,3,6,8thn to scytalone in the melanin biosynthesis from b. Morphological and phylogenetic investigation of bipolaris. These species are commonly associated with leaf spots, leaf blights, melting outs, root rots, foot rots and other disease symptoms mainly in high value field crops in the family poaceae, including rice, maize, wheat and sorghum and on various other host plants. In a favorable environment, conidia are produced in brown portions of the lesions and figure 1 switchgrass leaf with bipolaris infection. This disease was the causal agent of the bengal famine of 1943.
When a photoinduced strain was crossed with a nonphotoinduced i strain, photoinduced and nonphotoinduced i progeny were produced in a ratio of 1. In order to control this disease, three phenolic antioxidants were tested. Bipolaris sorokiniana an overview sciencedirect topics. Research article 294 assessment of seed infestation. Seed samples were collected from the rice experimental field comprised of different rice genotypes at national rice research. New species and records of bipolaris and curvularia from.
Pcr by adding double sterilized nuclease free water. Bipolaris oryzae is the causal agent of rice brown spot disease and is. Pdf pathogenic variability of bipolaris oryzae causing leaf. Two opsinlike genes, ops1 and ops2, were identified from a subtracted cdna library for the identification of nearuv nuv radiationenhanced genes using suppression subtractive hybridization methods in the brown leaf spot fungus bipolaris oryzae. The genus bipolaris includes a number of significant plant pathogens with worldwide distribution.
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